The First Settlement in North America

     It is very difficult to say just when colonization began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts further south, a great interest in gold and adventure,and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot,originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice,was established as a trader in Bristol,England,when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship,the Matthew,with its crew of eighteen,did no more than see an island(probably off the New England coast) and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a "legal" title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans' interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south.

    The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America were nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England,calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island,but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition,led by Drake,in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.

     The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies,a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people.

We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

among the early settlers in south America in the 16th century were spanish traders

A.Right

B.Wrong                    

C.Not mentioned

With John Cabot’s arrival at an island off the New England coast in Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North America in 1497.

A. Right

B. Wrong                    

C. Not mentioned

The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently in North America occurred in the 1580s.

A. Right                     

B. Wrong                    

C. Not mentioned

The name Virginia was given to North America by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

A. Right                     

B. Wrong                    

C. Not mentioned

Sir Walter Raleigh sent some people to Virginia for a year in 1585. 

A.Right              

B.Wrong             

C.Not mentioned

The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607.

A. Right                     

B. Wrong                     

C. Not mentioned

The name New England was given to the northern area of North America by the boss of one of the two Virginia companies. 

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

The first settlers in Virginia were all slaves mixed with men and women.

A. Right                  

B. Wrong                    

C. Not mentioned

The Operation of International Airlines

      International airlines have rediscovered the business traveler,the man or woman who regularly jets from country to country as part of the job. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers.Instead,companies like Lufthansa and Swissair would right argue that they have always catered best for the executive class passengers. But many airlines could be accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume,often at the expense of the regular traveler. Too often,they have seemed geared for quantity rather than quality.

     Operating a major airline is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers,without forgetting that the front end should be filled With people who pay substantially more for their tickets.

     It is no coincidence that the two major airline bankruptcies were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically viable,and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has not grown. Equally the large number of airlines jostling for the available passengers has created a huge excess of capacity. The net result of excess capacity and cut-throat competition driving down fares had been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink.

     Against this grim background,it is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return. They have invested much time and effort to establish exactly what the executive demands for sitting apart from the tourists.

   High on the list of priorities is punctuality; an executive's time is money. In-flight service is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executive's attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are all part of the lure.

    Another development has been the accent of seating arrangements. Regular travelers have become well versed in the debate about seat pitch-the amount of room between each passenger. And first class passengers are now offered sleeperette seats,which, for long journeys,make it possible to snatch a proper night's sleep. Sleeper ettes have proved so popular that they will soon become universal in the front end of most aircraft.

    The airlines are also trying to improve things on the ground. Executive lounges are commonplace and intended to make the inevitable waiting between flights a little more bearable. Luggage handling is being improved. Regrettably,there is little the airlines can do to speed up the boring immigration and Customs process,which manages to upset and frustrate passengers of all classes in every continent.

   Although it is the airlines' intention to attract executive passengers from their rivals,the airlines themselves would nonetheless like to change one bad habit of this kind of traveler-the expensive habit of booking a flight and then failing to turn up. The practice is particularly widespread in Europe, where businessmen frequently book return journeys home one on several flights.

According to the passage,in operating airlines it is essential to

A .Tn mind the need of the executives only

B. satisfy-the need of the low fare passengers at the expense of the executives

C. try to attract as many passengers as possible by reducing fares

D. cater to the need of passengers sitting at both ends of the jets

The following are all mentioned as reasons why the airlines are having a hard time EXCEPT that 

A. the tourist industry is experiencing an all—time low

B. there is no increase in the number of passengers

C. there are more seats on the planes than needed

D. the competition between airlines is strong

The improvements the airlines attempt at include all the following EXCEPT 

A. making seats more comfortable

B. providing better food during flights

C. showing more movies during the long flights

D. offering sleeperettes to first-class passengers

There is not much the airlines can do when it comes to

A. making sure the departures are not delayed

B. the efficient handing procedure

C. speeding up customs procedure

D. the improvement of the condition of waiting lounges

Which of the following is a bad habit of the executive passengers that frustrates the airlines?

A. They do not book their seats in advance.     

B. They do not sit on the seats they are supposed to take.

C. They do not travel on the flight they have booked.

D.they do not pay in advance for the seats they book.

Intelligence:a Changed View

① Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks,then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different ent ability groups within school was types of school and even differ obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age;and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.

②Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.

③There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure in nate intelligence,whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.  Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.

④Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly,the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of 4. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between"privileged"and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.

⑤These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely in herited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and,indeed,one of them is learning how to learn.

Paragraph①

A.main results of recent researches

B.difference between genetic and observed intelligence

C.effect of environment on intelligence

D.intelligence and achievement

E.impact on school education

F.a changed view of intelligence

Paragraph②

A.main results of recent researches

B.difference between genetic and observed intelligence

C.effect of environment on intelligence

D.intelligence and achievement

E.impact on school education

F.a changed view of intelligence

Paragraph③

A.main results of recent researches

B.difference between genetic and observed intelligence

C.effect of environment on intelligence

D.intelligence and achievement

E.impact on school education

F.a changed view of intelligence

Paragraph④

A.main results of recent researches

B.difference between genetic and observed intelligence

C.effect of environment on intelligence

D.intelligence and achievement

E.impact on school education

F.a changed view of intelligence

Paragraph⑤

A.main results of recent researches

B.difference between genetic and observed intelligence

C.effect of environment on intelligence

D.intelligence and achievement

E.impact on school education

F.a changed view of intelligence

it was once believed        ,and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to hie/her intelligence

A.born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

C.can’t be observed and measured

D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

more recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited

A.born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

C.can’t be observed and measured

D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

We can observe and measure observed intelligence ,but genetic intelligence

A.born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

C.can’t be observed and measured

D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

it can be inferred from the passage that a child will        if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language

A.born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

C.can’t be observed and measured

D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

children were not just         ,but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.

A.born to be more intelligent or less intelligent

B.have a better chance to develop his intelligence

C.can’t be observed and measured

D.that intelligence was something a baby was born with

E.and because of the lack of communication with his classmates

F.and partly has to do with a child’s living environment

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Make a Good First Impression

    Have you ever been in a doctor's waiting room and looked around at all the glum faces waiting impatiently to be seen? Dr. Stephen K. Sproul,a veterinarian in Raytown,Missouri,told of a typical spring day when his waiting room was full of clients waiting to have their pets inoculated.        He told one of our classes:

   “There were six or seen clients waiting when a young woman came in with a nine-month-old baby and a kitten.         The next thing he knew,the baby just looked up at him with that great big smile that is so characteristic of babies. What did that gentleman do?           Soon he struck up a conversation with the woman about her Baby and his grandchildren,and soon the entire reception room joined in,and the boredom and tension were converted into a pleasant and enjoyable experience.”The ancient Chinese were world;and they had a proverb paste inside our hats.          a wise lot wise in the ways of the that you and I ought to cut out and

Your smile is a messenger of your goodwill.           To someone who has seen a dozen people frown,scowl or turn faces away,your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. Especially when that someone is under pressure from his bosses,his customers,his teachers or parents or children,a smile can help him realize that all is not hopeless-that there is joy in the world.

A. It goes like this,"A man without a smiling face shop. "

B. As luck would have it,she sat down next to a gentleman who was more than a little distraught about the long wait for service.

C. Just what you and I would do,of course;he smiled back at the baby.

D. No one was talking to anyone else,and all were probably thinking of a dozen other things they would rather be doing than"wasting time" sitting in that office.

E. Your smile brightens the lives of all who see it.

F. So,naturally,we are glad to see them.

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Promise

   Last year my 9-year-old daughter was severely dehydrated from running a l.5 miles at school in 100 F weather. We took her to the emergency room and our nightmare started there. They began         her for leukemia. We went so many nights missing sleep,crying,worrying how we would          this. 1 found my outlet was running. And I made a promise to T and my daughter that marathon for her if she'd just be strong very soon.1 would          a marathon for her if she’d just be strong very soon

So when we got the clean bill of health seven months later found myself running every day thinking of her and how strong she is.1          myself in my first ever half marathon and never did I Have s if I could do it.I trained from September to April and set a            0f 3 hours to finish the half marathon. And I did it in 2. 49 hours.

  You may have doubt in yourself as I had in myself. The most         thing I did for myself was keep telling myself that I am doing if marathon because I can. I can do it because my sick daughter became healthy again. She showed me strength and I knew I had to keep my           to show her how strong I am and to accomplish things think you can't!

    The half marathon was amazing. At mile ten when my hip was hurting badly,my daughter was on the side line. I ran over to her and gave her the biggest         I've ever given her and I took off running.I started crying because remembered why I started running in the first place and I got so inspired to make her         at the finish line.

   So now I have to accomplish a full on to really hold           to my promise... I'm aiming for February 2013 !  And I can't wait！

A. Goal

B. Hug

C. Entered

D. Run

E. Promise

F. True

G. Proud

H. Rest

I. Get though

J. Encouraging

K. Testing

L. preparing