Are you a man or a mouse? When people ask this question, they want to know whether you think you are a（1） person or a coward(懦夫). Some people think they are brave but when they come face to face with real（2）they act like cowards. Others think of themselves（3）cowards, but when they meet danger, they act likeheroes.

Lenny always thought of himself as a nervous person. He worried（4）his job and health. All he wanted inlife was to be safe and healthy.（5）， on January 15， 2002，a plane crashed into the Potomac River inW ashington. Lenny went to the river to see what was happening. He saw a woman in the（6） water. Lenny didnot feel afraid. He kept very（7） and did a very dangerous thing. He jumped into the Potomac，（8）to thewoman, and kept her head（9）the water. Seventy-eight people died that day. Thanks to Lenny， it was notseventy-nine.

When you are in a very（10） situation and feel afraid, the body automatically produces a chemical in theblood. The chemical is called adrenalin( 肾上腺素). With adrenalin in the blood system, you actually feelstronger and stronger and are ready to fight or（11） away. However, when you are absolutely trrifed, the bodycan produce too much adrenalin. When this（12）， the muscles become very hard and you find you（13）moveat all. You are then paralyzed( 使麻痹) with fear. This is（14） when we are very frightened, we sometimes saywe' re“petrified". This word comes from the Greek word “petros"，which meansstone". We are （15）frightened that we become stonelike.

A.brave

B. real

C. hard

D. certain

A.life

B. question

C. mouse

D. danger

A.as

B. with

C. on

D. like

A.about

B. above

C. in

D. off

A.So

B. Therefore

C. Then

D. Actually

A.fresh

B. poisonous

C. warm

D. ice-cold

A.cautious

B. calm

C. frightened

D. excited

A.went

B. helped

C. spoke

D. swam

A.in

B. under

C. above

D. from

A.dangerous

B. comfortable

C. different

D. favorable

A.run

B. step

C. walk

D. oppose

A.gets

B. disappears

C. happens

D. escapes

A.needn't

B. can't

C. mustn't

D. shouldn't

A.where

B. how

C. because

D. why

A.really

B. very

C. such

D. so

Reading involves looking at graphic symbols( 图形符号) and mentally formulating the sounds and ideas theyrepresent. Concepts of reading have changed（1）over the centuries. During the 1950' s and 1960's especially .increased attention has been devoted to defining and describing the reading process.（2） specialists agree thatreading involves a complex organization of higher mental（3）， they disagree（4）the exact nature of the .process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, view reading（5）simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand for.

These authorities（6） that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of thedecoding process. Others maintain that reading is（7）to thinking, and that a child who pronounces soundswithout（8）their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, according to some, is not just a person with atheoretical ability to read but one who（9）reads.

Many adults, although they have the（10） to read, have never read a book in its entirety. They would notbe（11）as readers by some experts. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most（12） and satisfactory definition , reading is the ability to（13）the sound-symbol code of the language, to interpret meaning for various（14），at various rates, and at variouslevels of difficulty ，and to do so widely and enthusiastically.（15） short, reading is the interpretation of ideasthrough the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.

A.slowly

B. greatly

C. hardly

D. effectively

A.Although

B. If

C. Unless

D. Until

A.opinions

B. effects

C. manners

D. functions

A.of

B. about

C. for

D. into

A.as

B. with

C. of

D. for

A.discover

B. think

C. demand

D. worry

A.related

B. limited

C. referred

D. harmful

A.understanding

B. understands

C. understood

D. being understood

A.sometimes

B. likely

C. practical

D. actually

A.ability

B. power

C. force

D. skill

A.marked

B. granted

C. classified

D. graded

A.inclusive

B. incentive

C. conclusive

D. complicated

A.break up

B. elaborate

C. define

D. unlock

A.purposes

B. degrees

C. stages

D. steps

A.In

B. On

C. So

D. For

Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in the United States. It has completely（1） the horse .as a means of everyday transportation. Americans use their car for（2） 90% of all（3） business. MostAmericans are able to buy cars. The（4） price of a regularly-made car was $15 ,000 in 1950， $47 ,000 in 1960and up（5） $75 ,000 in 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about（6）their products and work efficiency. As a（7）， the average yearly income of the family increased from 1950 to 1975（8）than the price of cars. For this reason（9）a new car takes a smaller part of a family's total earnings today. In 1951，it cost proportionately 8. 1 months’（10） of a family to buy a new car.In1962,a new car （11）6.3 months 'earnings of a family, and in 1975 it only cost 4. 75 months' income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technicallysuperior（12）models from previous years. The（13）of automobiles extends throughout the economy（14）the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money（15）their cars than on any other item.

A.denied

B. reproduced

C. replaced

D. ridiculed

A.hardly

B. nearly

C. certainly

D. somehow

A.personal

B. personnel

C. manual

D. artificial

A.usual

B. average

C. ordinary

D. special

A.on

B. to

C. before

D. in

A.improving

B. improve

C. to improve

D. improved

A.reason

B. role

C. result

D. part

A.slower

B. equal

C. faster

D. less

A.bringing

B. making

C. using

D. purchasing

A.income

B. work

C. plans

D. debts

A.used

B. spent

C. cost

D. paid

A. to

B. than

C. about

D.of

A. running

B. notice

C. influence

D. affect

A. then

B. as

C. if

D. when

A. to

B. on

C. of

D. for

Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. It is the species-typical behavior that sets .humans completely（1） from all other animals. Language is a means of communication，（2） it is much morethan that. Many animals can（3） . The dance of the honeybee communicates the location of flowers（4）othermembers of the hive( 蜂群). But human language permits communication about anything， even things like theunicorn(独角兽) that has never existed. The key（5） in the fact that the units of meaning, words, can be strung together in different ways, according to different（6）， to communicate different meanings.

Language is the most important learning we do. Nothing defines humans so much as our ability to communicateabstract thoughts,（7） it is about the universe, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink. It is an immenselycormplex（8）that we take for granted. Indeed, we are not aware of most（9）of our speech and understanding.Consider（10）happens when one person is speaking to another. The speaker has to translate thoughts into（11） language. Brain imaging studies suggest that the time from the thought to the building of speech isextremely fast. Only 0. 04 seconds ! The listener must hear the sounds to（12）out what the speaker means. Hemust use the sounds of speech to（13）the words spoken, understand the pattern of the（14）of the words, andfinally（15）the meaning. This takes somewhat longer, a minimum of about 0.5 seconds. But once started, it isof course a continuous process.

A.apart

B. off

C. up

D. down

A.so

B. but

C. or

D. for

A.transfer

B. transmit

C. convey

D. communicate

A.to

B. from

C. over

D. on

A.stays

B. situates

C. hides

D. lies

A.rules

B. scales

C. laws

D. standards

A.what

B. whether

C. while

D. if

A.prospect

B. progress

C. process

D. produce

A.aspects

B. abstracts

C. angles

D. assumptions

A.what

B. how

C. where

D. which

A.body

B. gesture

C. written

D. spoken

A.put

B. take

C. draw

D. figure

A.identify

B. locate

C. reveal

D. discover

A.performance

B. style

C. design

D. layout

A.prescribe

B. justify

C. utter

D. interpret

Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify （1）a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are（2）of that parent.The thingsparents do and say- -and the（3）they do and say to their child- -therefore strongly influence a child's However, （4）parents must consistently behave like the type of person they want their child to become.

  A parent's actions（5） affect the self-image that a child forms through identifcation. Children（6）seemainly positive qualities in their parents will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observechiefly（7） qualities in their parents will have difficulty in seeing positive qualities in themselves. Children may（8） their self-image, however, as they become increasingly（9）by peer groups’standards before they reachthem.

  Isolated events, even dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a permanent（10）on a child' s behavior.Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who knowthey are loved can，（11） ， accept the divorce of their parents or a parent’s early（12） .But if children feelunloved, they may interpret such events（13） a sign of rejection or punishment.

In the same way. not all children are influenced by toys,（14）reading matter, and television programs.As in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the effect of an activity or experience depends（15）how the child interprets it.

A. to

B. with

C. around

D. for

A. informed

B. characteristic

C. conceived

D. indicative

A. gesture

B. expression

C. way

D. extent

A. behavior

B. words

C. mood

D. reactions

A. in turn

B. nevertheless

C. also

D. as a result

A. who

B. which

C. whom

D. whose

A. negative

B. cheerful

C. various

D. complex

A. modify

B. copy

C. give up

D. continue

A. mature

B. influenced

C. unique

D. independent

A. idea

B. wonder

C. damage

D. effect

A. luckily

B. for example

C. at most

D. theoretically

A. death

B. rewards

C. advice

D. teaching

A. as

B. being

C. of

D. for

A. games

B. families

C. changes

D. peers

A. on

B. in

C. about

D. with