Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

     A major aspect of psychology called behaviorism developed from research on learning. It was introduced in 1913 by the American psychologist John B. Watson, who felt psychologists should study observable behavior rather than states of consciousness or thought processes. He believed changes in behavior result from conditioning, a learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a certain stimulus.

Watson's approach to behaviorism was strongly influenced by the research of the Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov during the early 1900s. Pavlov’s experiments with animals proved that certain reflex actions can become conditioned responses to entirely new stimuli. For example, a dog's mouth begins to water as a reflex when the animal smells meat. Pavlov rang a bell each time he was about to give meat to a dog. Eventually, the dog's mouth began to water when Pavlov merely rang the bell. The flow of saliva had become a conditioned response to. the ringing of the bell.

Watson demonstrated that responses of human beings could be conditioned in a similar manner. In an experiment, he struck a metal bar loudly each time an infant touched a furry animal. The sound scared the child, who in time became frightened by the mere sight of the animal. Watson felt he could produce almost any response in a child if he were able to control the child’s environment.

During the mid-1900s, the American behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner became known for his studies of how rewards and punishments can influence behavior. He believed that rewards, or positive reinforcements, cause behavior to be repeated. Positive reinforcements might include praise, food, or simply a person's satisfaction with his or her own skill. Punishments discourage certain behavior and warn people to avoid situations in which they might be punished. Skinner concluded that positive reinforcement is more effective in teaching new and better behaviors. His work led to the development of teaching machines, which are based on positive reinforcement.

In Watson’s view, changes in behavior are caused by_____.

A.thought processes

B. mental factors,

C. learning processes,

D.states of consciousness

In the 2nd paragraph, the example is used to show that_____.

A.studies of reflex actions began in Russia,

B.responses of human beings and animals may both be conditioned,

C.responses of human beings to stimuli differ from those of animals,

D.reflex actions may become conditioned responses to totally new stimuli

It can be inferred from the passage that_____.

A.Watson’s research focus was the control of environment,

B.Watson’s approach to behaviorism was close to that of Pavlov,

C.Watson’s approach to behaviorism was close to that of Skinner,

D.Watson’s research is a combination of that of Pavlov and Skinner

According to F. Skinner, positive reinforcement_____.

A.has the same effect as punishment on children’s behaviors,

B.,

C.is as effective as punishment in teaching children to learn new skills,

D.is more effective in avoiding situations leading to repeated behaviors,

The passage focuses on_____.

A.reflex actions of animals,

B.various learning processes,

C.different approaches to behaviorism,

D.the importance of controlling children

Passage 2

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.

   The world perceives people with rich vocabularies to be more creative, more intelligent. People with larger vocabularies get hired quicker and promoted faster. So big winners use rich, full words, but they never sound inappropriate. The phrases slide gracefully off their tongues to enrich their conversation. The words fit. Big players choose words to match their personalities and their points with the same care as they choose their ties or their blouses.

The startling good news is that the difference between a respected vocabulary and a mundane one lies in only about fifty words! You don't need much to sound like a big winner. A mere few dozen wonderful words will give everyone the impression that you have an original and creative mind.

Acquiring this super vocabulary is easy. All you need to do is to think of a few tired, overworked words you use every day—words like smart, nice, pretty, or good. Then grab a thesaurus or book of synonyms off the shelf. Look up that common word you are bored hearing yourself utter every day. Examine your long list of alternatives.

For example,you’ve been at a party and it was wonderful. Don’t tell the hosts it was wonderful. Everybody says that. Tell them it was a splendid party, a party, anparty. Hug the hosts and tell them you had a magnificent time, a remarkable time, a glorious time.

Look up some common words you use every day in the thesaurus. Then, like slipping your feet into a new pair of shoes, slip your tongue into a few new words to see how they fit. If you like them, start making permanent replacements.

Remember, only fifty words make the difference between a rich, creative vocabulary and an average, middle-of-the-road one. Substitute a word a day for two months and you’ll be in the verbally elite.

“Big winners” at work or “big players” in life are characterized by all the following EXCEPT______.

A. their being extremely wealthy,

B. heir appropriate use of words,

C. their likelihood to be promoted,

D. their appropriate choice of clothes

The word “mundane” in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to_______.

A. ingenious,

B. redundant,

C. colorful,

D. ordinary

Which of the following is regarded by the author as a middle-of-the-road word?

A. Wonderful.,

B. Splendid.,

C. Superb.,

D. Extraordinary.

According to the author, super vocabulary can be acquired through .

A.the frequent use of a book of synonyms,

B.the frequent use of commonplace words,

C.the substitution of short words for long ones,

D.the substitution of ordinary words for rich ones

The author's attitude towards people who use rich, full words is______.

A. favorable,

B. critical,

C. impartial

D. indifferent

Passage 3

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

   Whether it is out of necessity or by choice, for most of us there are periods when much of what we do does not afford us satisfaction. Many students never enjoy exam period; and even in the most engaging workplaces, some projects are less interesting than others.

Research shows that pursuing self-satisfying goals—engaging in activities that are meaningful and pleasurable—impacts our experience in other areas that are not directly related to these activities. Meaningful and pleasurable activities can function like a candle in a dark room, and just as it takes a small flame or two to light up an entire physical space, one or two happy experiences during an otherwise uninspiring period can transform our general state and rejuvenate us. I call these brief but transforming experiences happiness boosters—activities，lasting anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours，that provide us with both meaning and pleasure, both present and future benefit.

Happiness boosters can inspire and invigorate us, acting as both a motivation pull and a motivation push. For a single parent, a happiness booster in the form of a meaningful outing with her children over the weekend can change her overall experience of life, including the hours spent at work. The outing can motivate her and pull her through the week，giving her something to look forward to when she gets up for work in the morning. The same happiness booster can then energize her, providing her with the push she needs by recharging her motivational stores for the following week.

Ideally, we want our entire day to be filled with happy experiences. This kind of life is not always attainable, though, and it might be that we need to wait until evenings or weekends to pursue activities that provide present and future benefit. One of the common mistakes people make is that in their free time they choose passive pleasure-seeking over an active pursuit of happiness. At the end of a hard day at work or in school, they opt to do nothing but sit around in front of the television screen rather than engage in activities that are both meaningful and pleasurable.

The opening paragraph of the passage implies that people do not always_____.

A.compel themselves to do what they dislike,

B.seek a more gratifying job that pays less

,C.seek a well-paid job that they dislike,

D.engage in pleasurable activities

The word “rejuvenate” in the 2nd paragraph can be replaced by_____.

A. invigorate,

B. entertain,

C. impact,

D. accelerate

According to the author，“happiness boosters” refers to_____.

A.experiences that are likely to change your way of life,

B. experiences that may help you enhance your learning ability,

C.activities that last for a short while but their effect may be lasting,

D.activities that lead to pleasurable experiences in other unrelated areas

The author uses the case of a single mother to demonstrate____.

A.how she provides her children with a recreational activity,

B.how she actively pursues self-satisfying goals in her career,

C.the role of happiness boosters in people’s work and daily life,

D.the influence of an occasional outing on the way people work and live

In the last paragraph，the author .

A.points out a common mistake people make in their free time

B.urges people to engage in meaningful and pleasurable activities,

C. states that it is not possible to fill each day with happy experiences,

D. criticizes people who spend most of their free time watching television

Passage 4

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

   In 1575, the French scholar Louis LeRoy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We also feel that our times are out of order; we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.

The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will min the environment, upset the climate, and damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.

The future is never a projection (投射）of the past. Animals probably have no chance to escape the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us? trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.

Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modem societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies of the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.

Even more striking are the situations in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have arisen. There have been the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering, even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.

One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.

It can be inferred from the 1st paragraph that Louis LeRoy_____the changes in his time.

A. welcomed,

B. facilitate,

C.objected to,

D. overlooked

If the present trends continue, the earth will face the following threats EXCEPT_____.

A.sluggish growth of technology,

B.serious pollution of environment,

C.complete exhaustion of resources,

D. use of nuclear weapons as blackmail

Which of the following statements is true of human beings?

A.They will be free from social evolution.,

B.They have manipulated behavior and genes.,

C.They can possibly guard against future dangers.,

D.They can escape the tyranny of biological evolution.

Human beings have effectively dealt with critical situations by_____.

A.increasing production

B.arousing public awareness,

C.launching political campaigns,

D.making technological progress

In our times, the force to change certain trends usually comes from_____.

A. scientists,

B. ordinary people,

C. politicians,

D. official directives

Passage 5

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

   The development of specialized courts for dealing with offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) arose after the efficacy of drug and other problem-solving courts had been demonstrated. The first DWI court in the United States was established in New Mexico in 1995. The number has been growing rapidly and there were about 400 such courts operating in 2008.

Drunken driving is a serious problem in the United States. Fortunately, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities has fallen from over 60 percent in 1975 to about 40 percent in recent years. When calculated in terms of the number of vehicles on the road, of vehicle miles traveled, or of the number of licensed drivers, the proportion has been cut in about half since the early 1980s. Still, over 15,000 people are killed each year in alcohol-related crashes, several thousands of which involve intoxicated drivers. Every single injury and death caused by drunken driving is totally preventable.

Most drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and relatively few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of those drivers have fatal crashes. The average BAC among fatally injured drivers is .16. That is, it is twice the maximum legal BAC limit for driving.

DWI courts apply the successful drug court model to alcohol-impaired drivers. They reflect the experience that society cannot rely solely on punishment to solve a serious social problem rooted largely in a medical problem—alcoholism. The traditional approach of relying on punishment without treatment and accountability has proven to be largely ineffective with repeat offenders. As one judge observed, we cannot “jail our way out of the problem.” These courts address the problem by holding offenders to a high level of accountability, providing long-term intensive treatment, and carefully monitoring offender behavior for compliance.

The first DWI court in the United States was founded in_____.

A. 1975,

B. 1980,

C. 1995,

D. 2008

DWI courts have developed rapidly in the United States because_____.

A.drug courts have effectively reduced traffic crashes and deaths,

B.DWI drivers tend to offend when having very high and dangerous BACs,

C.DWI drivers are very resistant to changing their drunken driving behavior,

D.drug and other similar problem-solving courts have proven to be effective

In the US, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities in recent years is_____.

A. less than 30%,

B. about 40%,

C. approximately 50%,

D. more than 60%

According to the text, the maximum legal BAC limit for driving is_____.

A.075,

B.08,

C.15,

D.16

The traditional practice of dealing with repeat DWI offenders is to_____.

A.punish them without medical treatment,

B.provide them with long-term treatment,

C.put them in jail with intensive treatment,

D.arouse their strong sense of responsibility