Courtroom Pioneer Constance B. Motley was boron September 14,1921 in Connecticut. She was the ninth in a family of twelve children. She was a good student. And when she was a teenager, she decided to become a lawyer. However, her family did not have enough money to send her to college.

 When she was eighteen, something happened that changed her life. One night she attended a meeting at a center for the black community. She gave a speech. She said that blacks should play a larger part in running the center. Clarence W.Blakeslee, a rich philanthropist (慈善家)，was impressed by her speech. As a result， he offered to pay for her education. This helped her to reach her goal of becoming a lawyer.

She first attended Fisk University in Tennessee. Then she went to New York University and received a college degree in 1943.She studied law at Columbia University Law School and received a law degree in 1946.After she finished law school, she became a civil rights lawyer.

After almost 20 years as a lawyer, she entered politics .In 1964,she became a New York state senator(参议 员).She was the first black woman to hold this office .In 1965，she became the first woman to be president of Manhattan in NewYork City.

 Her work came to the attention of President Lyndon Johnson. In 1966, the President named her a federal judge. She was the first black woman to serve as a judge in the US District Court. Since joining the court, she has continued to be interested in the rights of all people. 

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Children are a main target for advertisers and salesmen across the world. They are easily influenced by advertising. Also, they may easily get their parents to buy a certain product for them. If they want something ，children will pester (纠缠 )their parents until they get it. A little suggestion from a single advertisement can send them on their way. McDonald 's at one stage advised its employees to target children. Its campaign (广告活动) “Kids Are the Star" encouraged employees to pay special attention to children. The purpose was to give children a positive experience while eating at its restaurants. The reason for this was not that McDonald's cared deeply about the general health and happiness of children. It was really interested in the pester-power of children. This power might bring parents back for more visits.

Advertisers target children in a very simple way. They use bright lights,happy people and cartoon characters. All these encourage children to think a certain product is something they want. Children truly believe what an advertiser tells them.

Children arrive at McDonald's and consume high amounts of salt, sugar and fat.Their bodies have an immediate positive reaction. This reaction lasts about a s long as they are at the place. By the time they' re"coming down(平静下来)"，you're on the way home.

If you want what's best for your children, try your best to keep them away from TV. It is bad for their brains, and bad for your wallet, too! Take them outside, not to McDonald's, but to the beach. 

A.spend a lot of time watching TV

B.have strong buying power

C.may have pocket money to spend

D.can affect parents 'buying decisions

A.come back to McDonald's

B.become stars

C.make their own decisions

D.stay in good health

A.Colorful products

B.Healthy food

C.Cartoon characters

D.Famous people

A.get immediate satisfaction

B.eat as much as they want

C.stay there for a long time

D.go there whenever they want

A.Parents should help children spend money wisely

B.Advertisers take advantage of children

C.The food offered by McDonald's is not healthy

D.McDonald's is very successful in its business

Should I Gain Weight?

 ① I's almost never a good idea for a kid to try to gain weight, especially by eating lots of unhealthy fast food. It may seem strange that some kids want to gain weight when many people want to be thinner. But kids who are thin sometimes feel like they aren't the right size. And they might even get laughed at for their size.

② People come in different shapes and sizes. You might have friends the same age who weigh a lot more than you do. It doesn't mean that either of you is the wrong weight. If you're not too tall, there's less of you. That equals fewer pounds when you step on the scale . Or you might be small-framed(骨架).Your body frame might be smaller or thinner.

③You might feel thin compared with friends who've gone through puberty (青春 期).During puberty, it's normal for kids to grow a lot and gain weight, too. If one kid hasn't hit puberty and another has, the one who's still waiting for puberty is likely to be smaller and thinner.

④Your parents might be short, small or thin people. Your mom and dad pass along their genes(基因)to you-including the genes that help determine your height and body frame. If close family members are small or thin, there's a good chance you will be, too.

⑤Being laughed at is one reason why thin kids sometimes want to gain weight.It's never fun to be treated this way. If this happens to you, be sure to tell a grown-up who can help. You might also say back to someone who laughs at you,"That's just the way I am. Everybody is different."

Task 1

 1. Paragraph ①
 2.Paragraph ②
 3.Paragraph ③
 4.Paragraph ④
 5.Paragraph ⑤

Task 2
 1. It seems unusual that some kids ______。
 2.Compared with short people, taller people often ______。
 3.Kids may not start their puberty ______。
 4.One's body frame will be similar to that of one's ______。
 5.One way to deal with being laughed at is to look for help ______。

The History of Chalk

Chalk used in school classrooms comes in sticks . Lessons are often presented to entire classes on blackboards using sticks of chalk. ___1 ___ Chalk has been used for drawing since ancient times.___2___ Later, artists of different countries and styles used chalk mainly for sketches(素描). Chalk did not become standard in schoolrooms until the 19th century.___3___Teachers needed a convenient way of teaching many students at one time.Instructors used large blackboards, and students also worked with individual chalkboards. Blackboards used to be black，because they were made from real slate(石 板).Some experts made yellow chalkboards and dark blue chalk to simulate(模拟) writing on paper. However, when manufacturers began to make chalkboards from man- made materials during the 20th century, they chose the color green.__4____

Later,yellow became the preferred color for chalk. Almost all chalk produced today is dustless, Earlier, softer chalk tended to produce a cloud of dust. ___5___ Dustless chalk still produces dust; it's just that the dust settles faster. Manufacturers accomplish this by baking their chalk longer to harden it more.

A. The manufacturing of chalk is becoming more complicated.

B. Some feared such dust might cause breathing problems.

C. It helped to create some of the earliest cave drawings.

D. They argued that it was easier on the eyes.

E. At that time class sizes began to increase.

F. This method has proven cheap and easy.

Family Relationship

There are many difficult matters in family relationship. One of them is that you don't control the ___1___ relationship yourself。 When major family relationship problems occur, it's____2 __ to attempt a control strategy. You try to get the other person to change. Sometimes this approach works,___3___ if your request and the other person's are both reasonable. But many times it doesn't. On the other hand, if you can't change other people, maybe you should___4___accept them as they are. That's another strategy that sometimes works. But sometimes this can lead to bitterness and____5___ if your needs aren't being____6___ . There is，however，a third option(选择).You can change yourself in a(n)___7___that solves the problem. This____8___ that you reconsider the problem as an internal one instead of a(n) ___9___ one. This means that you need to___10___ your awareness and make a change in your beliefs.

A. anger   B. just    C. especially    D. met    E. common    F. entire

G. created   H. requires  I. expand   J. external    K. way    L. spread