Participation in classrooms is not only accepted but also expected from the students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the students’ oral participation. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i.e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managerial” role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.

A professor’s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas; students who make assertions that contradict the professor’s point of view should be prepared to supply evidence to their positions.

In the teaching of sciences and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “applied” rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and involvement.

A.seminar courses

B.the humanities and social sciences

C.informal lecture courses

D.science and mathematics

A.not changed much

B.changed from being theoretical to being applied

C.changed a little

D.become more theoretical than applied

A.an active participant in a seminar is a good student

B.a student who can always take full notes is a good one

C.a student who can dominate the class is a good one

D.a student who keeps silent in the classroom is a good one

A.these professors are not willing to teach theory

B.these professors are often not well prepared before class

C.these professors want to stress “doing”

D.these professors want to test the students’ abilities

A.Student participation is not common in the classroom in many courses like sociology

B.Some professors want to dominate the classroom discussion

C.Some professors usually want the students to participate in the teaching of sciences and mathematics

D.New educational trends have emerged in the teaching of natural sciences such as chemistry

When parents send their children to school， they often don't know what happens every day. Parents depend on their children to tell them about what they are doing and what they are learning. Generally speaking, schools host parent-teacher meetings at least twice a year. Parent-teacher meetings are short meetings between parents and their children's teacher. Usually they are held when teachers give out students'grades for the term. The parent-teacher meetings give teachers a chance to let parents know how their child is doing. A teacher will let a parent know the student's advantages and bring to the parent's attention any problem with grades or behavior. The meetings also offer parents the chance to ask questions and see what their child is learning.

Most children do not go along with their parents to the meetings. This allows both the parent and the teacher to talk honestly about the child's progress without making the child feel bad. Usually a teacher will offer advice to the parent on how to support the child's education.

A.Once a week

B.Twice a week

C.Once a year

D.Twice a year

A.photos

B.grades

C.drawings

D.invitations

A.To punish students with low grades

B.To offer a chance to let teachers make friends with parents

C.To make teachers know more about children's behavior at home

D.To help parents better understand children's problems with grades and behavior

A.how to manage children's daily life

B.how to look after children at home

C.how to support children's education

D.what to do at the parent-teacher meeting

A.In a guidebook

B.In a novel

C.In a fashion magazine

D.On a website

Lightning is shocking， and it happens all over the world! Scientists think that there are more than three million lightning strikes every day in the world—that's over thirty strikes every second.

Lightning can also be very dangerous. Every year， lightning kills people because it can start big fires or because it reaches temperatures up to 28，000 degrees centigrade. An American, Roy Sullivan， who worked in a park， holds the record for surviving the most lightning strikes. Between 1942 and 1983， he was hit seven times!

So， why do lightning strikes happen? Lightning strikes happen when ice and water in clouds rub(摩擦) together， and cause atmospheric(大气层的) changes. When this happens， it creates a static charge(静电荷). Lightning strikes can happen inside the cloud， between two clouds and between a cloud and the earth. It's the last type of strike that is the most dangerous for humans. About 1000 people get struck by lightning every year in the United States， and about 100 of them die of it.

Lightning is certainly not somethingto toy with.When lightning strikes happen， it's best to stay inside a large building. To stay safe， do not stand under trees， on hills or near water. Trees attract lightning. Also， do not lie down on the ground， otherwise the electricity may go through you and cause a heart disease.

A.happen three billion times each day

B.will start when there are big fires

C.can reach very high temperatures

D.kill all those who work in a park

A.lightning strikes are caused whenever ice and water meet

B.lightning between two clouds is the most dangerous for humans

C.lightning strikes create static charges

D.about one tenth of the people struck by lightning die every year in America

A.to play with

B.to make a fool of

C.to show off

D.to go after

A.On the top of a hill

B.In a swimming pool

C.Under a tree

D.Inside a building

A.In a novel

B.In a guidebook

C.In a magazine

D.In a dictionary

There are many ways to help improve your health like eating healthy food, taking exercise and getting medical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is to sleep for eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are, the longer sleep you need. But regardless of age, some people need to sleep more while for some a few hours is enough.

The problem of sleep is that more and more people in the world are not sleeping enough. According to the World Health Organization, over half the people in the world may besleep-deprived.Having less sleep not only makes people feel tired but also causes accidents. In the United States alone, sleepy drivers cause at least 100,000 traffic accidents every year. Sleep problems can also cause medical problems such as high blood pressure.

Why are so many people sleep-deprived? Part of the reasons may be cultural. In the American culture, people put a higher value on work than on sleep. In fact, people who sleep a lot are usually seen as “lazy”. Moreover, sometimes you can hear some people say proudly that they don't have much time to sleep and they only sleep four or five hours every night. It seems that the less you sleep, the more work you'll do.

How do we teach these people to learn the value of sleep? Perhaps they may listen to the advice of Dr. James Maas, an expert in sleep. He says, “Sleep is like a credit card. When you sleep less, you are only borrowing time. You always have to pay it back. The more hours you don't spend on sleep, the more hours you should spend on sleep to ‘pay back’ the hours on your ‘sleep credit card’.”

For those who value work more than sleep, they should listen to what a famous person once said, “Don't think you will do less work because you sleep during the night. That is a foolish idea which is held by people who have no imagination. You will be able to do more.”

A.eat healthy food every day

B.take exercise as much as possible

C.get medical help whenever necessary

D.sleep for eight hours or more every night

A.Having a good sleep

B.Excited about sleep

C.Having less sleep

D.Interested in sleep

A.A clock

B.A report

C.A credit card

D.A piece of paper

A.Sleeping during the night is foolish

B.Sleeping during the night is helpful

C.People have no courage

D.People always do less work

A.The Value of Sleep

B.The Value of Health

C.The Harm of Sleeping Less

D.The Ways of Sleeping

The Queen has only given one interview while a sovereign (君主 ). Her true personality remains elusive to the public. However, one thing is clear: Queen Elizabeth is an introvert. Introverts prefer quiet environments and feel energized from spending time alone or with people they know well. They aren't necessarily shy, but they do tend to be more reserved and guarded with strangers. Fellow introverts will appreciate howdrainingan average day for Her Majesty must be.

Fortunately, the Queen has some tricks to make public engagements easier. Just like uscommoners rely on friends to save us from awkward situations or boring conversations, she subtly signals to her staff when she wants an intervention. If she places her handbag on the table, it indicates that she wants the event to end in the next five minutes. For more urgent situations, putting her bag on the floor shows that she wants her lady-in-waiting to rescue her immediately.

Most comfortable in the countryside, the Queen has a well-known passion for horses and dogs. There is a scene in the hit Netflix show The Crown which reveals a fascinating side of the monarch. While giving Jackie Kennedy a personal tour of Buckingham Palace,the two women find themselves bonding over their respective positionsas introverted women who have found themselves in the limelight. Surrounded by the Queen's beloved corgis, both women admit they are happiest around animals and that their extroverted sisters would have been much better suited to their public roles.

A.frustrating

B.exhausting

C.demanding

D.aspiring

A.end the event within five minutes

B.place he handbag on the table

C.wave to her lady-in-waiting

D.put her bag on the floor

A.admire each other

B.help each other in public

C.grow closer to each other

D.show respect for each other

A.both have sisters

B.both love animals

C.both enjoy being in public

D.both are introverted women

A.neutral

B.critical

C.pessimistic

D.subjective